Iyo ukoresheje moteri zishakisha zitandukanye kugirango ushakishe "Ubuyapani metallurgie", uzasanga ibintu byose na videwo zashakishijwe bivuga ko metallurgie yu Buyapani imaze imyaka myinshi imbere yisi, Ubushinwa, Amerika n'Uburusiya ntabwo ari byiza nk'Ubuyapani, kwirata ku Buyapani no gukandagira Ubushinwa, Amerika n'Uburusiya, ariko ibi nibyo koko?Mobei amaze imyaka myinshi akora cyane mu nganda zitwara ibintu.Igomba gukosora izina ryibyuma byubushinwa kandi ikagaragaza urwego nyarwo rwicyuma cyitwa Chine, kirenze kure ibyo wari witeze!
Inganda za metallurgjiya zirimo ibintu byinshi, harimo ibyuma bitandukanye bya fer na fer fer.Biragoye kugereranya mu buryo butaziguye igihugu kiyoboye.Ariko, biroroshye kwemeza niba metallurgie yu Buyapani iyoboye isi.Turashobora kubanza kureba uko isoko ryifashe muri rusange inganda, hanyuma tukumva neza uburyo bwo guhatanira ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byingenzi.Muri rusange, isoko ryoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi ni miliyari 380 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Bushinwa ni miliyari 39.8 z'amadolari y'Amerika, Ubuyapani ni miliyari 26.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika, Ubudage ni miliyari 25.4 z'amadolari y'Amerika, Koreya y'Epfo ni miliyari 23.5 z'amadolari naho Uburusiya ni miliyari 19.8 z'amadolari y'Amerika. .Ku bijyanye n’ibyuma byoherezwa mu mahanga, Ubushinwa buri imbere y’Ubuyapani.Abantu bamwe bazavuga ngo "Ibyuma by'Ubushinwa ni binini ariko ntibikomeye", ariko Ubushinwa bwabonye amadovize menshi binyuze mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.Ukurikije amakuru rusange yoherejwe mu mahanga, Ubuyapani ntabwo buyobora isi.Ibikurikira, irushanwa ryibicuruzwa byingenzi byasesenguwe.Urunigi rw'agaciro rw'icyuma cya piramide kuva hejuru kugeza hasi ni: superalloy, igikoresho no gupfa ibyuma, bitwaje ibyuma, ibyuma bikomeye cyane, ibyuma bidafite ingese nicyuma.
Superalloy
Reka tuganire kuri superalloys.Superalloys iri hejuru yumunyururu wa piramide.Ikoreshwa rya superalloys rifite 0,02% gusa yo gukoresha ibyuma byose, ariko igipimo cyisoko kiri hejuru ya miliyari icumi z'amadolari, kandi igiciro cyacyo kiri hejuru cyane ugereranije nibindi bicuruzwa.Ugereranije nigiciro mugihe kimwe, igiciro kuri toni ya superalloy kiri hejuru nkibihumbi icumi byamadorari, igiciro kuri toni yicyuma kitagira umuyonga ni ibihumbi byamadorari, naho igiciro kuri toni yicyuma cya peteroli ni amadorari magana.Superalloys ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kirere na gaz turbine.Nta mishinga irenga 50 ishobora kubyara Superalloys yo mu kirere kwisi yose.Ibihugu byinshi bifata ibicuruzwa bya superalloy mubikorwa byindege nkibikoresho bya gisirikare.
PCC. Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, hanyuma zishirwa mu nganda za Hitachi n'inganda za metallurgjiya mu Buyapani.Urebye umusaruro wibigo byose, umusaruro wamerika uri hejuru cyane ugereranije nibindi bihugu.
Igikoresho no gupfa ibyuma
Usibye igikoresho no gupfa ibyuma, ibikoresho no gupfa ibyuma nizina risanzwe ryibyuma bipfa ibyuma byihuta.Nigice cyingenzi cyurupfu nibikoresho byihuta.Igikoresho kizwi nka "nyina winganda zigezweho", cyerekana akamaro ko gukoresha ibyuma mubikorwa bigezweho.Ibikoresho no gupfa ibyuma nubwoko bwibyuma bidasanzwe byongerewe agaciro, kandi igiciro cyibicuruzwa kiri hejuru yicyuma gisanzwe.
Ibigo bitanu byambere byashyizwe ku isoko ry’ibikoresho bipfa kwangiza isi ni: Otirishiya VAI / Voestalpine, Ubushinwa Tiangong mpuzamahanga, Ubudage smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Ubushinwa bw’amajyaruguru budasanzwe, Ubushinwa Baowu, Ubuyapani Datong buza ku mwanya wa gatandatu, naho Ubushinwa bwashyizwe ku mwanya wa gatandatu. 20 mubisohoka ni: Hebei Wenfeng itsinda ryinganda, Qilu ibyuma bidasanzwe, Urukuta runini rukomeye, Tayiwani Ronggang CITIC.Ukurikije ibigo 20 byambere bitanga ibikoresho kandi bipfa ibyuma, umusaruro wibikoresho bipfa ibyuma mubushinwa biri hejuru cyane ugereranije nibindi bihugu.
Gutwara ibyuma
Reka tuvuge kubyerekeye ibyuma.Gutwara ibyuma ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye mu byuma byose.Ifite ibisabwa cyane kubijyanye nuburinganire bwimiti, ibiyikubiyemo nogukwirakwiza ibintu bitari ibyuma no gukwirakwiza karbide zicyuma.By'umwihariko, ibyuma birebire cyane bitwara ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru ntibigomba gusa kwihanganira umutwaro igihe kirekire, ahubwo bigomba no kuba ukuri, kugenzurwa, gukomera kandi byizewe.Nibimwe mubyuma bidasanzwe bigoye gushonga.Fushun idasanzwe yindege itwara ibicuruzwa bifite isoko ryimbere mu gihugu irenga 60%.
Umubare w’ibicuruzwa bya Daye bidasanzwe byuma byuma bingana na kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibicuruzwa byose byagurishijwe mu Bushinwa, naho gari ya moshi itwara ibyuma bingana na 60% by’umugabane w’isoko ry’igihugu.Daye Ibyuma bidasanzwe bitwara ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gutwara gari ya moshi yihuta mu Bufaransa no mu Budage, ndetse na gari ya moshi yihuta itumizwa mu Bushinwa.Daye idasanzwe ya Steel, ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bifata ibyuma bifata amashanyarazi menshi hamwe ningufu zitwara umuyaga, bifite isoko ryimbere mu gihugu birenga 85%, naho ingufu zo mumuyaga mwinshi zitwara ibyuma byoherezwa muburayi, mubuhinde n'ibindi bihugu.
Ingano n’ibicuruzwa byo gutwara ibyuma bya Xingcheng bidasanzwe byashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere mu Bushinwa mu myaka 16 ikurikiranye kandi biba ibya mbere ku isi mu myaka 10 ikurikiranye.Ku isoko ryimbere mu gihugu, umugabane wibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bitwara ibyuma bigeze kuri 85%.Kuva mu 2003, ibyuma bitwara ibyuma bidasanzwe bya Xingcheng byafashwe buhoro buhoro n’abashoramari umunani ba mbere ku isi, barimo Suwede SKF, Ubudage Schaeffler, Ubuyapani NSK, Ubufaransa ntn-snr, nibindi.
Ku bijyanye n’isoko ryimbere mu gihugu, ibigo byabashinwa bifata igice kinini cyisoko.Ubushinwa nisoko rinini.Biragaragara ko bidashoboka kuvuga ibyisi bidafite Ubushinwa.Aya makuru ntabwo ashyigikira umwanya wambere mubuyapani kwisi mumyaka mirongo.Amagambo y'umwimerere ya Wang Huaishi, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda zidasanzwe z’Ubushinwa, ni aya akurikira: ubwiza bw’umubiri bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa bugeze ku rwego mpuzamahanga ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibyo bikaba bitagaragarira gusa mu bipimo bya tekiniki, ahubwo no mu bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga na kohereza hanze.
Ku ruhande rumwe, ubwinshi bw'ibyuma bitumizwa mu mahanga ni bike cyane, kandi Ubushinwa bushobora gutanga ubwoko bwose;Ku rundi ruhande, umubare munini w’ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikorerwa mu Bushinwa byoherezwa mu mahanga kandi bigurwa n’inganda mpuzamahanga zo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Ultra imbaraga zikomeye
Byongeye kandi, ultra-high strength power ibyuma bivuga ibyuma bifite imbaraga zirenze 1180mpa nimbaraga zingana na 1380mpa.Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zo mu kirere no mu nganda z’imodoka.Nibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse, bikoreshwa cyane mugukora ibikoresho byo kuguruka byindege nibice byumutekano wimodoka.Ibicuruzwa byerekana imbaraga za ultra-high imbaraga mubyuma byimodoka ni aluminium silicon yubatswe ibyuma bishyushye.Aluminium silicon itwikiriye ibicuruzwa bishyushye bituma ArcelorMittal uruganda rufite isoko ryinshi ryibikoresho byibyuma bya BIW kwisi.ArcelorMittal aluminium silicon itwikiriye ibicuruzwa bishyushye bingana na 20% byibikoresho byuma bikoreshwa muri BIW (harimo ibinyabiziga bitwara lisansi n’amashanyarazi) kwisi.
Aluminium silicon yometseho 1500MPa ibyuma bishyushye ni ibikoresho byingenzi kubice byumutekano wibinyabiziga, hamwe nibisabwa buri mwaka toni zigera kuri miriyoni 4 kwisi yose.Tekinoroji ya aluminium silicon yatunganijwe na ArcelorMittal ya Luxembourg mu 1999 hanyuma buhoro buhoro ikora monopole kwisi yose.Ibyuma bifite imbaraga nyinshi kumodoka rusange ni hafi 5000 yu toni, mugihe aluminium silicon yatwikiriwe nicyuma gishyushye cyatanzwe na ArcelorMittal kirenga 8000 kuri toni, kikaba gihenze 60%.Usibye umusaruro wacyo, ArcelorMittal izanatanga uruhushya rwamasosiyete make yicyuma kwisi yose kugirango ayakore kandi ayagurishe, yishyure amafaranga menshi yo gutanga uruhushya.Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2019, mu nama yoroheje y’imodoka mu Bushinwa, itsinda rya Porofeseri Yi Hongliang, Laboratwari ya Leta y’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imashini zikoresha kandi zikomeza kuzunguruka muri kaminuza y’Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru, ryasohoye ikoranabuhanga rishya rya aluminium silicon, ryica monopoliya y’imyaka 20 ya ArcelorMittal.
Igicuruzwa kizwi cyane mu bijyanye n’indege ni nikel mpuzamahanga yo muri Amerika nikel 300M ibyuma byisosiyete nicyuma kigwa ibyuma bifite imbaraga nyinshi, imikorere yuzuye kandi ikoreshwa cyane kwisi.Kugeza ubu, ibice birenga 90% by'ibikoresho bigwa mu ndege za gisirikare n'indege za gisivili zikorera muri Amerika bikozwe mu byuma 300M.
Ibyuma
Usibye ibyuma bitagira umwanda, izina "ibyuma bitagira umuyonga" biva kuri ubu bwoko bwibyuma ntabwo byoroshye kubora no kubora nkibyuma bisanzwe.Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda ziremereye, inganda zoroheje, inganda zikenerwa buri munsi, imitako yubatswe nizindi nganda.Ibigo 10 bya mbere mu bicuruzwa bitagira umwanda ku isi ni: Ubushinwa Qingshan, Ubushinwa Taiyuan Icyuma nicyuma, Koreya yepfo POSCO ibyuma nicyuma, Ubushinwa Chengde, Espagne acerinox, Finlande ottokunp, Uburayi ampron, Ubushinwa Anshan Icyuma nicyuma, Lianzhong ibyuma bidafite ingese, Ubushinwa Delong nikel hamwe nu Bushinwa Baosteel ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Umugabane w’ibyuma bitagira umwanda ku isi ni 56.3% mu Bushinwa, 15.1% muri Aziya (usibye Ubushinwa na Koreya yepfo), 13% mu Burayi na 5% muri Amerika.Umusaruro w'Ubushinwa uri hejuru cyane ugereranije n'ibindi bihugu.
Ibyuma
Usibye ibyuma bitagira umwanda, izina "ibyuma bitagira umuyonga" biva kuri ubu bwoko bwibyuma ntabwo byoroshye kubora no kubora nkibyuma bisanzwe.Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda ziremereye, inganda zoroheje, inganda zikenerwa buri munsi, imitako yubatswe nizindi nganda.Ibigo 10 bya mbere mu bicuruzwa bitagira umwanda ku isi ni: Ubushinwa Qingshan, Ubushinwa Taiyuan Icyuma nicyuma, Koreya yepfo POSCO ibyuma nicyuma, Ubushinwa Chengde, Espagne acerinox, Finlande ottokunp, Uburayi ampron, Ubushinwa Anshan Icyuma nicyuma, Lianzhong ibyuma bidafite ingese, Ubushinwa Delong nikel hamwe nu Bushinwa Baosteel ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Umugabane w’ibyuma bitagira umwanda ku isi ni 56.3% mu Bushinwa, 15.1% muri Aziya (usibye Ubushinwa na Koreya yepfo), 13% mu Burayi na 5% muri Amerika.Umusaruro w'Ubushinwa uri hejuru cyane ugereranije n'ibindi bihugu.
Icyuma kibisi
Reka tuvuge kubyerekeye ibyuma bitavanze.Ubushinwa bufite 56.5%, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi kuri 8.4%, Ubuhinde kuri 5.3%, Ubuyapani kuri 4.5%, Uburusiya kuri 3,9%, Amerika ku 3.9%, Koreya yepfo kuri 3,6%, Turukiya kuri 1.9% na Berezile kuri 1.7% .Ubushinwa buri imbere cyane ku isoko.
Ugereranije ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bya metallurgjique murwego rwagaciro rwa piramide ferrous, uburyo bwo guhatanira isoko nyabyo ntibigaragaza ko Ubuyapani bwayoboye isi mumyaka mirongo.Ingingo nyinshi na videwo kuri interineti bivuga ko metallurgie y’Ubuyapani iyoboye isi izavuga ku gisekuru cya gatanu cyitwa crystal superalloy cyatunganijwe bwa mbere n’Ubuyapani, kikaba ari cyo shingiro nyamukuru.
Byakagombye kumenyekana ko kristu imwe ya kristu igomba kunyura mumyaka irenga 15 yiterambere ryikura ryiterambere.Kurugero, igisekuru cya kabiri kristu ya superalloy Ren é N5, ikoreshwa cyane na GE, yatangiye iterambere ryimbere muntangiriro yimyaka ya 1980 kandi ntiyakoreshejwe kugeza hagati na 1990.Igisekuru cya kabiri kimwe kristu ya superalloy pwa1484, ikoreshwa cyane na Pratt Whitney, yatangiye iterambere muntangiriro yimyaka ya 1980 kandi ntabwo yakoreshejwe kuri F110 hamwe nizindi ndege zateye imbere kugeza hagati na 1990.
Ntibishoboka ko imishinga ya moteri mubindi bihugu yakwihutira gufata Ubuyapani butarakura igisekuru cya gatanu kristal superalloy.Ikoreshwa ryonyine ni umurwanyi mushya wu Buyapani.Guverinoma y’Ubuyapani irateganya kohereza umurwanyi mushya mu 2035, ni ukuvuga ko bizatwara igihe kinini kubona iki gisekuru cya gatanu cyitwa kristu ya superalloy ikoreshwa cyane.Ubuyapani None niyihe mikorere ya generation ya gatanu imwe ya kristu ya superalloy?Ibintu byose ntibiramenyekana.
Tugomba kumenya ko Ubuyapani bwa mbere kugeza ku cya kane ibisekuruza bya kristu ya superalloys bitakoreshejwe cyane, birahagije kwerekana ko Ubuyapani bumwe na bumwe bwa kristu ya superalloys bwasubiye inyuma muri iki gihe.Uburyo bwo guhatanira amasoko ya superalloy, ibikoresho no gupfa ibyuma, bitwaje ibyuma, ibyuma birenze urugero cyane, ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nicyuma cya peteroli ntigaragaza igisekuru cya gatanu cyitwa kristal superalloy ko metallurgie yu Buyapani yayoboye isi mumyaka mirongo kandi ntabwo yabayeho mubyukuri Byakoreshejwe.Ntishobora gukoreshwa mu kwerekana ko metallurgie y’Ubuyapani imaze imyaka mirongo iyobora isi, kabone niyo abanditsi bizo ngingo na videwo bafite ubushobozi bwo kureba ejo hazaza, Ntanubwo ishobora guhindura ukuri.
Inshuti nyinshi zabajije ziti: "kuki bidashobora kwihanganira abashinwa?", Abantu benshi barashubije bati: "Ubushinwa bukora nabi, kandi kuvura ubushyuhe ntabwo ari byiza."hari ibibazo byinshi bisa nibisubizo.Mubyukuri, abantu benshi bashobora kutamenya ko Ubushinwa budatanga gusa ibikoresho fatizo - bitwara ibyuma kubucuruzi bwamahanga, ariko kandi butanga ibice byingenzi bitwara ndetse bikarangirana ninganda zizwi cyane nka SKF muri Suwede, Schaeffler mubudage, Timken muri Amerika na NSK mu Buyapani.
Muri make, hari igipimo runaka cy "" cyakozwe mubushinwa "mubantu barindwi bambere ku isi bakora ibintu.Inganda zizwi cyane nka SKF muri Suwede, Schaeffler mu Budage, Timken muri Amerika na NSK mu Buyapani zishobora kugura ibice by'Ubushinwa hamwe n'ibikoresho fatizo mu byiciro, ibyo bikaba bihagije kugira ngo bigaragaze ko Ubushinwa bukoresha imashini n'ubushyuhe bushobora guhura n'ubuhanga bw'abakiriya. ibisabwa;Iyemezwa ry’abashinwa n’ibigo bizwi cyane byo mu mahanga birashobora kandi gusobanura ubwiza n’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa by’abashinwa, bishobora guhaza ibyo abakoresha bakeneye.
Inganda zitwara Ubushinwa zarushijeho gukura hamwe niterambere ryigihe.Kuva hashyirwaho gahunda yinganda kugeza no guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no kuva ibicuruzwa byiyongera bikagurishwa uko umwaka utashye, turashobora kubwira isi ko Ubushinwa bumaze kuba igihugu kitajegajega, kandi urwego rw’inganda rukora rwashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. !Nka nimero ya 1 ya e-ubucuruzi bwibicuruzwa byinganda mubushinwa, Mobei nayo izatanga imbaraga zayo mubushinwa butanga inganda zishingiye kumiterere yigihugu cyUbushinwa, kugirango "bikozwe mubushinwa" byumvikane kwisi yose!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-27-2021